ComplexPrison

Bracken

2005-11-18T05:40:00.000-08:00

Also called Brake, genus of ferns (Pteridium), the sole species (P. aquilinum) of which is widely distributed throughout the world in temperate and tropical regions. The species is represented by 12 varieties, 4 of which occur in North America and Great Britain. Variety pubescens grows from Alaska to Mexico, east to Wyoming, Colorado, and Texas. Variety latiusculum, growing also in

Man

2005-10-16T01:50:00.000-07:00

Specifically, an adult human male and, generally, any extinct or living member, male or female, of the biological family Hominidae. See hominid; human being.

Durango

2005-07-28T23:15:00.000-07:00

State, north central Mexico. It is bounded by the states of Chihuahua (north), Coahuila and Zacatecas (east), Jalisco and Nayarit (south), and Sinaloa (west). The western portion of the state's 47,560 sq mi (123,181 sq km) of territory lies within the mineral-laden Sierra Madre Occidental; semiarid plains, used for ranching, comprise the eastern portion. Coursing eastward from the Sierra Madre,

Furniture, Upholstery and covers

2005-07-27T05:10:00.000-07:00

Upholstery and covers belong to the sphere of furniture designed for sitting or lying on. From the Orient, Europeans learned the use of wickerwork, which provided a ventilated and resilient background for loose cushions. The upholstered chair is a genuinely European phenomenon that achieved its most distinguished and logical form in England during the 18th century.

China, Confucianism and philosophical Taoism

2005-07-24T18:00:00.000-07:00

By the beginning

Amateur Radio

2005-07-07T20:40:00.000-07:00

Interest in amateur radio arose around the turn of the century, shortly after the Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi successfully sent the first transatlantic wireless signal in 1901. The interference of amateur broadcasts with commercial and military

Gerzean Culture

2005-06-29T01:10:00.000-07:00

Also called Naqadah Ii Culture, predynastic Egyptian cultural phase given the sequence dates 40–65 by Sir Flinders Petrie and later dated c. 3400–c. 3100 BC. Evidence indicates that the Gerzean culture was not brought by invaders but was rather a further development of the culture of the Amratian period, which immediately preceded the Gerzean. Centred primarily at Naqadah and Hierakonpolis in Upper Egypt, and Sayala

Rurales

2005-06-15T18:25:00.000-07:00

Federal corps of rural police established on May 6, 1861, by the Mexican president Benito Juárez to combat the banditry that threatened travel and commerce throughout Mexico. Such a force had been planned four years earlier but could not be established during the War of Reform. In 1869, after the overthrow of the empire of Maximilian, it was reconstituted under the Ministry

John Ii

2005-06-03T03:10:00.000-07:00

John was a younger son of Ferdinand of Antequera, elected king of Aragon (as Ferdinand I) in 1412. John and his brothers retained their positions and revenues in Castile,

Benchley, Robert (charles)

2005-05-31T21:40:00.000-07:00

A graduate of Harvard University (1912), Benchley joined the staff of the old Life magazine in 1920 as drama critic. His monologue “The Treasurer's Report,” delivered as a skit in an amateur revue in 1922, was the basis for one of the first all-talking short subjects. He subsequently wrote and acted in motion-picture

Bekhterev, Vladimir

2005-05-17T00:45:00.000-07:00

Bekhterev received a doctorate from the Medical-Surgical Academy of St. Petersburg in 1881 and then studied abroad for four years. He returned to Russia in 1885 to become professor

Nation, Carry

2005-05-15T18:30:00.000-07:00

Carry Moore as a child experienced poverty, her mother's mental instability, and frequent bouts of ill health. Although she held a teaching certificate from a state normal school, her education was intermittent. In 1867 she married a young physician,

Wesak

2005-05-13T16:00:00.000-07:00

Also spelled Vesak, Sanskrit Vaishakha, Pali Vesakha most important of the Theravada Buddhist festivals, commemorating the birth, enlightenment, and death of the Buddha. The event is observed on the full-moon day of the lunar month Vesakha, which falls in April or May. The day is observed as a public holiday in many Southeast Asian countries. It is marked by special devotional services and various deeds intended to be

Rhythm

2005-03-15T17:05:00.000-08:00

In poetry, the patterned recurrence, within a certain range of regularity, of specific language features, usually features of sound. Although difficult to define, rhythm is readily discriminated by the ear and the mind, having as it does a physiological basis. It is universally agreed to involve qualities of movement, repetition, and pattern and to arise from the poem's

France, History Of, Sister republics

2005-03-14T21:55:00.000-08:00

Meanwhile the Directory regime successfully exported revolution abroad by helping to create �sister republics� in western Europe. During the Revolution's most radical phase, in 1793 - 94, French expansion had stopped more or less at the nation's self-proclaimed �natural frontiers� - the Rhine, Alps, and Pyrenees. The Austrian Netherlands (now Belgium) and the left bank of the Rhine

Skate Sailing

2005-03-07T22:42:00.000-08:00

The skate sail is generally rectangular or triangular in shape and about 50 to 60 square feet (5 to 6 square m) in area. It is stretched to

Dr�a, Oued

2005-03-06T23:43:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Oued Dra, � intermittent stream (wadi) of southern Morocco. Rising from two headstreams, Dad�s and Imini, in the Haut (High) Atlas mountains of central Morocco, it flows southeastward to Tagounit, hence it courses southwestward, forming much of the Algerian - Moroccan frontier, to the Atlantic near Cap Dr�a. Of its total length of 700 mi (1,100 km), the longest of any Moroccan river, all but the headstreams

Ayutthaya

2005-03-05T05:43:00.000-08:00

The town was founded by Ramathibodi I about 1350 on an island formed by the confluence

Van Vleck, John H.

2005-03-04T11:56:00.000-08:00

Educated at the University of Wisconsin, Madison,

Toradja

2005-03-03T16:30:00.000-08:00

Group of peoples of central Celebes (Sulawesi), Indonesia. They are believed to be descendants of the invading Austronesian-speaking people that overran the island and absorbed or exterminated the aboriginal population. Later they were driven back from the coasts by Muslim Indonesians such as the Buginese. Their warfare and headhunting made it necessary to locate

Smith, A(rthur) J(ames) M(arshall)

2005-03-02T20:47:00.000-08:00

As an undergraduate at McGill University in Montreal, Smith founded and edited the McGill Fortnightly Review (1925 - 27), the first literary magazine dedicated to freeing Canadian literature from its narrow provincialism. He encouraged other

2005-03-02T14:11:00.000-08:00

Swedish ��land Sk�rg�rd, �Finnish �Ahvenanmaa, � archipelago comprising Ahvenanmaan autonomous kunta (commune), southwestern Finland. The islands lie at the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia, 25 miles (40 km) east of the Swedish coast, at the eastern edge of the �land Sea. The archipelago has a land area of 590 square miles (1,527 square km) and consists of about 35 inhabited islands, 6,500 uninhabited islands, and many rocky reefs. The bedrock

Sea Robin

2005-03-01T17:56:00.000-08:00

Also called �gurnard� any of the slim, bottom-dwelling fish of the family Triglidae, found in warm and temperate seas of the world. Sea robins are elongated fish with armoured, bony heads and two dorsal fins. Their pectoral fins are fan-shaped, with the bottom few rays each forming separate feelers. These feelers are used by the fishes in �walking� on the bottom and in sensing mollusks, crustaceans,

Alani, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-03-01T00:17:00.000-08:00

also called �Alans, � an ancient nomadic pastoral people that occupied the steppe region northeast of the Black Sea. The Alani were first mentioned in Roman literature in the 1st century AD and were described later as a warlike people that specialized in horse breeding. They frequently raided the Parthian empire and the Caucasian provinces of the Roman Empire. About AD 370, however, they were

Alanine, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-02-28T18:28:00.000-08:00

either of two amino acids, one of which (a-alanine) is a constituent of proteins. An especially rich source of a-alanine is silk fibroin, from which the amino acid was first isolated in 1879. Alanine is one of several so-called nonessential amino acids for birds and mammals; i.e., they can synthesize it from pyruvic acid (formed in the breakdown of carbohydrates) and do not require

Ja'far Ibn Muhammad

2005-02-28T01:11:00.000-08:00

Ja'far was the son

Gonda

2005-02-27T20:46:00.000-08:00

The area in which Gonda is situated is drained by the Rapti and other Ghaghara tributaries and

Alapa, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-02-27T04:19:00.000-08:00

(Sanskrit: �conversation�), in the art music of India and Pakistan, improvised melody structured to reveal a raga and occurring principally in the introductory section of a performance. There the alapa is performed without rhythmic accompaniment and is free and rhapsodic in character. With only a drone (sustained-tone) accompaniment, the performer of the alapa gradually

Alapayevsk, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-02-26T14:49:00.000-08:00

also spelled �Alapaevsk, � city, Sverdlovsk oblast (province), west-central Russia, on the Neyva River. It is one of the oldest centres of the iron and steel industry in the Urals (an ironworks was established there in 1704). It also has machine-tool, timbering, and metalworking industries. Pop. (1991 est.) 50,300.

National Zoological Gardens Of South Africa

2005-02-26T13:46:00.000-08:00

Also called �Pretoria Zoo, � zoo near Pretoria, S.Af., that is noted for its wildlife conservation programs. It was opened in 1899 by the State Museum of the South African Republic on a small stretch of land along the Apies River, which flows through Pretoria. In 1913 the zoo became the Transvaal Zoological Gardens, independent of the state museum; in 1916 it adopted its present name, and in 1933 the state took over management

Alarc

2005-02-25T21:57:00.000-08:00

Alarc�n had achieved a considerable reputation as a journalist and poet when his play El hijo pr�digo (�The Prodigal Son�) was hissed off the stage in 1857. The failure so exasperated him that he enlisted as a volunteer in the Moroccan campaign of 1859 - 60. The expedition

Piggott, Lester

2005-02-25T04:49:00.000-08:00

Born to parents whose families had long been associated with the turf, Piggott rode in his first race at the age of 12. He won the Derby nine times (1954, 1957, 1960, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1976, 1977, and 1983), the St. Leger eight times, the 2,000 Guineas four times, and the Oaks six times, along with other

Baccarat Glass

2005-02-24T19:07:00.000-08:00

Glassware produced by an important glasshouse founded in 1765 at Baccarat, Fr. Originally a producer of soda glass for windows, tableware, and industrial uses, Baccarat was acquired by a Belgian manufacturer of lead crystal in 1817 and since then has specialized in producing this type of glass. In 1823 the firm won its first gold medal in an international exposition for glass, and

Alarcos, Battle Of, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-02-24T00:48:00.000-08:00

(July 18, 1195), celebrated Almohad victory in Muslim Spain over the forces of King Alfonso VIII of Castile. In 1190 the Almohad caliph Abu Yusuf Ya'qub forced an armistice on the Christian kings of Castile and Leon, after repulsing their attacks on Muslim possessions in Spain. At the expiration of the truce (c. 1194) Alfonso invaded the province of Sevilla (Seville), prompting Abu Yusuf to leave

Alaric, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-02-23T09:22:00.000-08:00

A nobleman by birth, Alaric served for a time as commander of Gothic troops in the Roman army, but shortly after the death of the emperor Theodosius I in 395, he left the

China, The Chinese Communist Party

2005-02-23T09:17:00.000-08:00

The CCP grew directly from the May Fourth Movement. Its leaders and early members were professors and students who came to believe that China needed a social revolution and who began to see Soviet Russia as a model. Chinese students in Japan and France had earlier studied socialist doctrines and the ideas of Karl Marx, but the Russian Revolution of 1917 stimulated a fresh

Alaric Ii, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-02-22T23:15:00.000-08:00

His dominions comprised Spain (except the kingdom of Galicia), Aquitaine, Languedoc, and western Provence. Alaric, like his father, was an Arian Christian, but he mitigated the persecution of Catholics and authorized the Catholic council at Agde in 506. To provide a law code for his Roman subjects, he appointed a

Chandragiri

2005-02-22T03:03:00.000-08:00

Town in southeastern Andhra Pradesh state, southeastern India. It lies about 80 miles (130 km) northwest of Madras. Chandragiri is historically important for its connection with the Aravidu dynasty of Vijayanagar in South India. When the dynasty's empire was overthrown at the Battle of Talikota (1565) and the great city of Vijayanagar was taken by the Deccan allied Muslim army, the

Alarm Signal, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-02-21T08:20:00.000-08:00

in zoology, a ritualized means of communicating a danger or threat among the members of an animal group. In many cases the signal is visual or vocal, but some animals - ants, bees, and certain fishes, for example - secrete chemical substances. Alarm communications frequently cross species boundaries. The hawking alarm calls of many small birds are similar and will cause

Ashburnham, John

2005-02-21T05:55:00.000-08:00

The son of Sir John Ashburnham (d. 1620), he began a career at court under the patronage of a prominent kinsman, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham. He was treasurer of the Royal army during the first Civil War and commissioner in the Uxbridge negotiations (1644) before escaping abroad, to

Alas (y Ure

2005-02-20T17:27:00.000-08:00

byname �Clar�n � novelist and the most influential literary critic of Spain in the late 19th century. His biting and often bellicose articles, sometimes called paliques (�chit-chat�), and his advocacy of naturalism and anticlericalism not only made him the nation's most feared critical voice but also created many enemies and greatly obscured his

La Venta

2005-02-20T11:52:00.000-08:00

Ancient Olmec settlement, located near the border of modern Tabasco and Veracruz states, on the gulf coast of Mexico. La Venta was originally built on an island in the Tonal� River; now it is part of a large swamp. After petroleum was found there, many of the artifacts were moved to an archaeological park on the outskirts of the city of Villahermosa, some 80 miles (129 km) to the

Alasehir, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-02-19T19:27:00.000-08:00

town, western Turkey. It lies in the Kuzu River valley, at the foot of the Boz Mountain. Founded about 150 BC by a king of Pergamum, it became an important town of the Byzantine Empire. It was not taken by the Ottomans until after all other cities of Asia Minor had surrendered to Ottoman rule. Conquered by Timur (Tamerlane) in 1402, it was recaptured under the Ottoman sultan Murad II (reigned

Ashe, Arthur Robert, Jr.

2005-02-19T16:21:00.000-08:00

U.S. tennis player and social activist (b. July 10, 1943, Richmond, Va.--d. Feb. 6, 1993, New York, N.Y.), captured centre court when he won the men's singles title at the debut of the U.S. Open championship in 1968, becoming the first African-American man to win a Grand Slam event, one of the four major tournaments of the sport. He followed this with men's singles titles at the Australian Open in 1970 and at the All-England

Alaska, Gulf Of, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-02-18T05:25:00.000-08:00

broad inlet of the North Pacific on the south coast of Alaska, U.S. Bounded by the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island (west) and Cape Spencer (east), it has a surface area of 592,000 sq mi (1,533,000 sq km). The coast is deeply indented by fjords and other inlets, including Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound (on either side of the Kenai Peninsula). The gulf receives the Susitna and Copper rivers. Large

Asia, The steppes

2005-02-18T03:33:00.000-08:00

The animal life of the steppes differs as much from that of the taiga as from that of the tundra. It includes many burrowing rodents, such as jerboas, marmots, and pikas, and larger mammals, such as numerous antelope. The steppes were the original home of the northern cattle (Bos taurus), the horse, and probably the Bactrian (two-humped) camel; it is doubtful that any of these

Alaska Blackfish, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-02-17T02:27:00.000-08:00

(species Dallia pectoralis), Arctic freshwater fish, assigned by some authorities to the family Umbridae but by others to the separate family Dalliidae. The fish is about 20 cm (8 inches) long, with a dark, streamlined body, protruding lower jaw, and two large opposed fins near the tail. Locally important as a food fish, it lives in shallow streams and ponds of North America and

Tudor Style

2005-02-17T01:16:00.000-08:00

Type of British architecture, mainly domestic, that grafted Renaissance decorative elements onto the Perpendicular Gothic style between 1485 and 1558. The Tudor style in architecture coincides with the first part of the reign of the Tudor monarchs, which commenced in 1485 with the accession of Henry VII to the throne and ended with the death of Elizabeth I in 1603. Elizabeth's own

Alaska Current, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-02-16T16:06:00.000-08:00

Flow velocities at a depth of 16 feet (5 m) have been reported to be as high as 1.7 knots (1.9 miles per hour)

Textile

2005-02-16T09:06:00.000-08:00

The term is derived from the Latin textilis and the French texere, meaning �to weave,� and it originally referred only to woven fabrics. It has, however, come to include fabrics produced by other methods. Thus, threads, cords, ropes, braids, lace, embroidery, nets, and fabrics made

Elda

2005-02-15T14:43:00.000-08:00

City, Alicante province, in the autonomous community (region) of Valencia, southeastern Spain, northwest of Alicante city. Of ancient origin, Elda was called Idella by the Iberians, early peoples of Spain. The city first achieved importance under the Moors, who occupied it in the 8th century and built a castle (ruins remain); it was re-Christianized by James I of Aragon in

Alaska Highway, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-02-15T09:22:00.000-08:00

formerly �Alcan Highway, � road (1,523 miles [2,451 km] long) through the Yukon, connecting Dawson Creek, B.C., with Fairbanks, Alaska. It was previously called the Alaskan International Highway, the Alaska Military Highway, and the Alcan (Alaska-Canadian) Highway. It was constructed by U.S. Army engineers (March-November 1942) at a cost of $135 million as an emergency war measure to provide an overland military supply route

Emotion, Neural pathways of facial expression

2005-02-14T13:41:00.000-08:00

Of the various types of expressive behaviour, facial expression has received the most attention. In human beings and in many nonhuman primates, patterns of facial movements constitute the chief means of displaying emotion-specific signals. Whereas research has provided much information on the neural basis of emotional behaviours (e.g., aggression) in animals,

Alaska Peninsula, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-02-14T10:42:00.000-08:00

stretch of land extending southwest from mainland Alaska, U.S., for 500 miles (800 km) between the Pacific (southeast) and Bristol Bay, an arm of the Bering Sea. The volcanic Aleutian Range runs along its entire length. It is the site of the Katmai National Park and Preserve, the Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve (qq.v.), and the Becharof, Alaska Peninsula, and Izembek National

Alaska Purchase, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-02-13T18:51:00.000-08:00

William Henry Seward, secretary of state under President Andrew Johnson, had as early as 1860 dreamed of acquiring Alaska. The territory was considered an economic liability by the Russians, and in December 1866 Baron Eduard de Stoeckl, Russian

L�vesque, Ren�

2005-02-13T07:22:00.000-08:00

L�vesque went to school in Gasp�sie and afterward to Laval University, Quebec. Already a part-time journalist while still a student, he broke off his law studies to serve in Europe (1944 - 45) as a reporter and

Israel, Transportation

2005-02-12T07:58:00.000-08:00

Israel has developed a modern, well-marked highway system, and road transport is more significant to the country's commercial and passenger services than transport by rail. Bus companies provide efficient service within and between all cities and towns, supplemented by private taxis and sheruts - privately owned and operated shuttles - which run on urban and interurban

Alaska Range, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-02-12T03:52:00.000-08:00

segment of the Pacific Coast Ranges that extends generally northward and eastward in an arc for about 400 miles (640 km) from the Aleutian Range to the Yukon boundary in southern Alaska, U.S. Mount McKinley (20,320 feet [6,194 m]), near the centre of the range, in Denali National Park, is the highest point in North America. Many nearby peaks exceed 13,000 feet (3,960 m), including Mounts Silverthrone, Hunter, Hayes,

Sestina

2005-02-11T14:42:00.000-08:00

Elaborate verse form employed by medieval Proven�al and Italian, and occasional modern, poets. It consists, in its pure medieval form, of six stanzas of blank verse, each of six lines - hence the name. The final words of the first stanza appear in varied order in the other five, the order used by the Proven�als being: abcdef, faebdc, cfdabe, ecbfad, deacfb, bdfeca. Following these

Alaskan Brown Bear, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-02-11T00:22:00.000-08:00

race or subspecies of grizzly bear (q.v.).

Ahmadiyah

2005-02-10T21:20:00.000-08:00

A modern Islamic sect and the generic name for various Sufi (Muslim mystic) orders. The sect was founded in Qadian, the Punjab, India, in 1889 by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (c. 1839 - 1908), who claimed to be the mahdi (a figure expected by some Muslims at the end of the world), the Christian Messiah, an incarnation of the Hindu god Krishna, and a reappearance (buruz) of Muhammad. The sect's doctrine, in some aspects, is unorthodox:

Alaskan Malamute, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-02-10T01:00:00.000-08:00

sled dog developed by the Malemiut, an Eskimo group from which it takes its name. The Alaskan Malamute is a strongly built dog, with a broad head, erect ears, and a plumelike tail carried over its back. Its thick coat is usually gray and white or black and white, the colours frequently forming a caplike or masklike marking on the head. The Alaskan Malamute stands about 23 to

B�hm-bawerk, Eugen Von

2005-02-09T03:17:00.000-08:00

After graduating from the University of Vienna, B�hm-Bawerk worked in the Austrian Ministry of Finance (1872 - 75) and was allowed by the ministry to study at several

Alatri, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-02-09T00:32:00.000-08:00

Archaeologically

Eusebius Of Dorylaeum

2005-02-08T11:08:00.000-08:00

While a layman, Eusebius was the first to challenge publicly (429) the teaching of Patriarch Nestorius of Constantinople, posting throughout

Maharaja

2005-02-07T13:03:00.000-08:00

The title seems to have been introduced sometime in the first century BC by the Kushans. They had been

Alaungpaya, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-02-07T03:16:00.000-08:00

Of humble origins, Alaungpaya was a village headman from the

Usufruct

2005-02-06T06:55:00.000-08:00

In Roman-based legal systems, the temporary right to the use and enjoyment of the property of another, without changing the character of the property. This legal concept developed in Roman law and found significant application in the determination of the property interests between a slave held under a usus fructus (Latin: �use and enjoyment�) bond and a temporary master.

Alaungpaya Dynasty, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-02-06T04:45:00.000-08:00

also called �Konbaung� the last ruling dynasty (1752 - 1885) of Myanmar (Burma). The dynasty's collapse in the face of British imperial might marked the end of Myanmar sovereignty for more than 60 years. (Some authorities limit the name Konbaung dynasty to the period beginning with King Bodawpaya in 1782 and continuing to 1885.) The Alaungpaya dynasty led Myanmar in an era of expansionism that was only brought to an

2005-02-05T23:04:00.000-08:00

provincia, northern Spain. �lava is the southernmost of the three Basque Country provincias of northern Spain and is located mainly on the southern slope of the Pyrenees Range. It is bounded by the Ebro River (southwest) and surrounds the enclaves of Trevi�o and Ordu�a belonging to Burgos and Vizcaya provincias, respectively. �lava has an area of 1,176 square miles (3,047 square

Acton (of Aldenham), John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton, 1st Baron, 8th Baronet

2005-02-05T05:32:00.000-08:00

English Liberal historian and moralist, the first great modern philosopher of resistance to the evil state, whether its form be authoritarian, democratic, or socialist. A comment that he wrote in a letter, �Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely,� today has become a familiar aphorism. He succeeded to the

Margate

2005-02-04T18:45:00.000-08:00

Town, Thanet district, administrative and historic county of Kent, England. It lies east of the Thames River estuary. A Roman villa existed just outside the town, which has a Norman church. During the 18th century the town, which is endowed with sandy beaches, became a bathing resort. The large influx of summer visitors is presently Margate's mainstay. An industrial estate

Kamaran

2005-02-03T20:04:00.000-08:00

Island in the Red Sea off the coast of Yemen, to which it belongs. The largest member of an archipelago, it is 22 square miles (57 square km) in area. Its name, meaning �two moons� in Arabic, refers to a double reflection of the moon that can be seen there. Kamaran, consisting of coral reefs with little relief, has a regular west coast and a broken east coast with a harbour. The island's mean

Alaya-vij

2005-02-03T15:19:00.000-08:00

(Sanskrit: �store of consciousness�), key concept of the Vij�anavada (�Consciousness-affirming�) school of the Mahayana Buddhist tradition. Since that school maintains that no external reality exists, while retaining the position that knowledge, and therefore a knowable, exists, it assumes that knowledge itself is the object of consciousness. It therefore postulates a

Alb, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-02-02T08:50:00.000-08:00

Derived from the long white tunic (tunica alba, or linea) commonly

Monatomic Gas

2005-02-02T03:21:00.000-08:00

Gas composed of particles (molecules) that consist of single atoms, such as helium or sodium vapour, and in this way different from diatomic, triatomic, or, in general, polyatomic gases. The thermodynamic behaviour of a monatomic gas in the ordinary temperature range is extremely simple because it is free from the rotational and vibrational energy components characteristic

Bruni, Leonardo

2005-02-01T16:09:00.000-08:00

Bruni was secretary to the papal chancery from 1405 and served as chancellor of Florence from 1427 until his death in 1444. His Historiarum Florentini populi libri XII (1610; �Twelve Books of Histories of the Florentine People�) is the first history of Florence based on a critical examination of the

Alba, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-02-01T07:28:00.000-08:00

the kingdom formed by the union of the Picts and Scots under Kenneth I MacAlpin in 843. Their territory, ranging from modern Argyll and Bute to Caithness, across much of southern and central Scotland, was one of the few areas in the British Isles to withstand the invasions of the Vikings. The ancient link with Ireland (from which the Celtic Scots had emigrated) was broken

Alba, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-01-31T19:06:00.000-08:00

town, Cuneo provincia, Piedmont regione, northwestern Italy. It lies along the Tanaro River southwest of Turin. It occupies the site of the Roman Alba Pompeia, which was probably founded by Pompeius Strabo (consul, 89 BC) when he constructed the road from Aquae Statiellae (Acqui Terme) to Augusta Taurinorum (Turin). The town became an episcopal see dependent on Milan in the 4th

Dalhousie, James Andrew Broun Ramsay, Marquess And 10th Earl Of

2005-01-31T09:28:00.000-08:00

Dalhousie also took advantage of every opportunity to acquire territory by peaceful means. The East India Company, which was no longer an independent corporation but largely under the control of the British government, was rapidly becoming the predominant power in India. It had concluded alliances with Indian rulers, promising to support them and their heirs

Alba, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-01-30T21:18:00.000-08:00

judet (county), western Romania, occupying an area of 2,406 square miles (6,231 square km). The Western Carpathians rise above the settled areas in intermontane valleys. The county is drained westward by the Mures River and its tributaries. Neolithic artifacts have been found at Alba Iulia (q.v.; the county capital) and other sites in the judet. A Celtic community (3rd century BC) was situated

Mathematics And Physical Sciences, Space Probes.

2005-01-30T11:32:00.000-08:00

An important deep-space mission, NASA's Comet Nucleus Tour (CONTOUR), was lost as it was being boosted from Earth orbit on August 15. CONTOUR had been placed in a parking orbit on July 3 to await the proper moment to begin the planned trajectory that would take it within 100 km (60 mi) of comet nuclei in 2003 and 2006. After its upper stage fired, ground controllers were unable to regain contact,

Alba, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-01-29T13:41:00.000-08:00

French �Aube, or Aubade, � in the music of the troubadours (q.v.), the 11th- and 12th-century poet-musicians of southern France, a song of lovers' parting at dawn or of a watchman's warning to lovers at dawn. It sometimes takes the form of a dialogue between watchman and lover. Examples for which music also survives include �Reis glorios� by Guiraut de Bornelh and the anonymous �Gaite de la tor.� The German counterparts

Chafer

2005-01-29T13:02:00.000-08:00

Any of several beetles of the insect subfamily Melolonthinae (family Scarabaeidae, order Coleoptera). The leaf chafers (Macrodactylus) eat foliage; the grub feeds underground on plant roots. The adult female deposits her eggs in the soil, and the larvae live underground for several years. They pupate in the fall, but the adults remain underground until the following

Alba, Fernando

2005-01-28T05:15:00.000-08:00

Alba was born into a rich family

Owo

2005-01-28T03:39:00.000-08:00

Town, Ondo state, southwestern Nigeria, at the southern edge of the Yoruba Hills (elevation 1,130 feet [344 m]) and at the intersection of roads from Akure, Kabba, Benin City, and Siluko. A major collecting point for cocoa, it also serves as a market centre (yams, cassava, corn [maize], rice, palm oil and kernels, pumpkins, okra). Cotton and teak are cultivated in the surrounding area, which was

Confederation Group

2005-01-27T03:28:00.000-08:00

Canadian English-language poets of the late 19th century whose work expressed the national consciousness inspired by the Confederation of 1867. Their transcendental and romantic praise of the Canadian landscape dominated Canadian poetry until the 20th century. The Confederation group is also called the Maple Tree school because of the love characteristically shown

Alba Fucens, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-01-27T02:59:00.000-08:00

modern �Albe� ancient fortified town at the foot of Mount Velino, Italy. It was originally a town of the ancient Marsi people but was occupied by a Latin colony about 303 BC. It was situated on a hill with three distinct summits, all of which were enclosed within the walls. Its strong position made it important in the Social War and in the civil wars of the 1st century BC; state prisoners of the Romans

R�gisseur

2005-01-26T18:43:00.000-08:00

(French: �manager�), theatrical director or stage manager, especially in France, Russia, Germany, and Italy, whose duties encompass the artistic interpretation and integration of a play, the guided rehearsal of the actors, and the overall responsibility for the technical and economic aspects of the production. The position is similar to that of the director in the American

Alba Iulia, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-01-26T08:32:00.000-08:00

German �Karlsburg, �Hungarian �Gyulafeh�rv�r, � city, capital of Alba judet (county), west-central Romania. It lies along the Mures River, 170 miles (270 km) northwest of Bucharest. One of the oldest settlements in Romania, the site was selected by the Romans for a military camp. The remains of Apulum, an important city in Roman Dacia mentioned by Ptolemy in the 2nd century BC, are 6 miles (10 km) from Alba Iulia, and the Regional Museum has a rich

Alba Longa, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-01-25T08:10:00.000-08:00

ancient city of Latium, Italy, in the Alban Hills about 12 miles (19 km) southeast of Rome, near present Castel Gandolfo. Tradition attributes its founding (c. 1152 BC) to Ascanius, the son of the legendary Aeneas, thus making it, according to legend at least, the oldest Latin city, which in turn founded others, including Rome. Excavations have revealed cemeteries that date to the 10th century

Itelmen

2005-01-25T01:52:00.000-08:00

Their Luorawetlan language of

Ayrshire

2005-01-24T20:05:00.000-08:00

Breed of hardy dairy cattle originating in the county of Ayr, Scotland, in the latter part of the 18th century and considered to be the only special dairy breed to have originated in the British Isles. The body colour varies from almost pure white to nearly all cherry red or brown with any combination of these colours; black or brindle are considered undesirable. The beef

Albacete, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-01-24T19:28:00.000-08:00

provincia in the comunidad aut�noma (�autonomous community�) of Castile-La Mancha, southeast-central Spain. It occupies the southeastern end of the Meseta Central (plateau). Albacete is the driest interior province of the Iberian Peninsula, with as little as 2 inches (50 mm) annual rainfall in some areas. The south is mountainous or hilly and is crossed by the J�car and Segura

Dragonet

2005-01-23T06:22:00.000-08:00

Any of about 40 species of marine fishes constituting the family Callionymidae (order Perciformes), found in warm temperate or tropical areas, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region. Dragonets characteristically have large and elongated fins, large, flattened heads, and small gills that are mere rounded openings. Dragonets are scaleless. The males may be brightly

Albacete, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-01-23T06:18:00.000-08:00

capital of Albacete provincia, Castile-La Mancha comunidad aut�noma (�autonomous community�), southeast-central Spain. Albacete is located in the historic La Mancha region, on the Don Juan River at its juncture with the Mar�a Cristina Canal. Of Moorish origin (Arabic: Al-Basit), it was the scene of two battles between Christians and Moors, in 1145 and 1146. Refounded in 1365 as Albacete, it

Albacore, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-01-22T21:45:00.000-08:00

also spelled �Albicore� (species Thunnus alalunga), large oceanic fish noted for its fine flesh. The bluefin tuna (T. thynnus) is also sometimes called albacore. See tuna.

Middlebury College

2005-01-22T15:25:00.000-08:00

Private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Middlebury, Vt., U.S. It is a small liberal arts college at which particular emphasis is given to the study of modern languages. Course work at Middlebury is divided into eight academic categories: literature, the arts, foreign languages, philosophical and religious studies, physical and life sciences, historical

Albalag, Isaac, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-01-21T18:43:00.000-08:00

Jewish philosopher who rendered a Hebrew translation of parts of the Maqasid al-falasifah (�Aims of the Philosophers�), a review of doctrines of earlier thinkers by the Arabic philosopher al-Ghazali, to which Albalag added his own views and comments. In defending philosophy against the accusation that it undermined religion,

Star, Line spectrum

2005-01-21T16:16:00.000-08:00

Spectral lines are produced by transitions of electrons within atoms or ions. As the electrons move closer to or farther from the nucleus of an atom (or of an ion), energy in the form of light (or other radiation) is emitted or absorbed. The yellow �D� lines of sodium or the �H� and �K� lines of ionized calcium are produced by discrete quantum jumps from the lowest energy levels